CHRONOLOGY Chronology of World History Historical Research compiled by J.L.Panagopoulos© Author@prodigy.net (

Monthly Updates)

 

B.C.E

3,100 B.C.E. - The written word begins to keep accounts and cooking instructions.

Before 20,000 B.C. E. Native Americans begin arriving from Asia and spread across the Americas.

About 14,000 ago People move into the Meadowcroft Rock shelter, a sandstone shelter near present-day Pittsburgh.

About 12,500 ago Hunters leave a projectile point and a blade in a cave in southern Idaho.
11,000 Years ago Glacial ice leaves the Straits of Mackinac - Hunters leave projectile points and a hide scraper in a cave in Oregon.
cir. 10,000 Years ago Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, hunters leave artifacts behind as they track and kill mastodons in order to free their families.
About 9500 Clovis culture extends across the continent. Clovis people live in small bands related by family ties and hunt cooperatively in groups.
About 9300 In south-central Arizona, people hunt horses, tapirs, and ground sloths.
About 9000  People live along the shores of Healy Lake in Alaska in a settlement that will be continuously occupied for the next 11,000 years.

Also, in China, at about the same time, early Chinese were so advanced they were making bone musical instruments.  A bone flute from this period was just recently found.
About 8800 , People living in the Delaware River Valley of Pennsylvania eat seeds, roots, hackberries, wild plums, ground cherries, grapes, blackberries, and other wild foods.
About 8300  Hunters develop methods for trapping bison by driving whole herds over cliffs or forcing them into box canyons, corrals, and ravines. The techniques survive for nearly 10,000 years, until the 1800 A.D.
About 8000  The population of the continent reaches the maximum density that is readily sustainable by hunting-and-gathering lifestyle.
About 7700  In the northeastern Great Basin, people make baskets of twine. They collect, store and cook seeds in the baskets.
About 7000  Across the continent, the few remaining mastodons and other large mammals die out; more than thirty species have become extinct.
About 6000  The ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches of the Southwest and of the Athabaskan peoples of Alaska, California, and the Northwest Coast move to North America from Asia and settle in the far north.
About 5800  Salmon provide a basic food source for the migratory peoples of the Plateau and the Northwest Coast.
About 5500 Along the southern California coast, people begin to hunt large game less and eat more fish and seeds.
About 5000 Peoples across the continent begin making baskets to use in gathering, processing, and storing fruits, nuts, and seeds. - In the Illinois Valley, hunter-gathers establish permanent communities.
After 4000 Cultures east of the Mississippi undergo a population explosion as they settle into semi permanent villages and increase their food-gathering activities.

4004 Sunday, October 23, 9 am London time. The date/time in which James Ussher, Chancellor of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin and John Lightfoot of Cambridge (1600s) decided God created the earth
390 BCE Roman's build a shrine to Moneta -Goddess of Warning - where we get our modern words for "money" and "mint".
About 3500 Domesticated corn arrives in the Southwest from Mexico but remains a curiosity.
About 3000 Along the Snake River of eastern Washington, people grind stones and attach them to their fishing nets for sinkers techniques for grinding and polishing slate and other stones.

About 2000-3000 B.C.E. China started farming and raising livestock. 

About 2500 Domesticated childe peppers arrive in the South-west from Mexico. Ancestors of Pueblo Indians decide the culinary volcanoes are too hot to eat - In western Kentucky, men use axes and incisors to do woodwork.
Before 2000 In Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas, people begin making cooking vessels from steatite, a soft stone. Over the following centuries, the new cooking fashion spreads to the Northeast - In Illinois, people being to smoke tobacco, using stone pipes By 2000 B.C.E.- Along the Pacific coast, people live in semi permanent villages. They fish, gather berries, and make tools from bone, wood, and stone.
About 2000 In the Northeast, people begin making pottery. They use grass and fiber roots for tempering.

Around 2000 B.C.E.China creates a writing system.

2070-1600 B.C.E. The Xia (She) Dynasty (The first Dynasty of China) is created.

About 1700 In the Northeast, more and more people become farmers. They plant gourds, tobacco, and edible seeds, but they also continue to hunt wild game and collect wild plant foods.

1600-1046 B.C.E. The Shang Dynasty of China is created.
1760 BC Hammurabi's code is created in Babylon.
About 1500 A fishing community develops at what is now Cape Alava on the coast of Washington State and remains continuously occupied for 3,000 years. - People in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana bury their dead at the summits of hills made from glacial gravel.
About 1200 At Poverty Point, Louisiana, people build an elaborate complex of earthen mounds By 1000 B.C.E. - The Indians of the Southeast have made the transition from hunter-gathers to semi nomadic farmers. They cultivate squash, gourds, sunflowers, maygrass, marsh elder, goosefoot, knotweed, and other plants.

1046-221 B. C. E. The Zhou (Jhou) Dynasty is created.
About 1000 Domesticated beans arrive in the Southwest from Mexico. - The ancestors of the Arapaho begin migrating away from the Great Lakes out into the Great Plains.
About 9000 The ancestors of the Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga people become allies in the earliest version of what becomes the Iroquois Confederacy.
620 BC Draco, an Athenian lawmaker, creates the first written account of Greek laws.
About 500 In central Ohio Valley, the Adena people hunt and gather wild plants. - People of Northwest Coast begin to evaluate themselves in terms of social status.
About 300 People in Ohio and Illinois Valleys begin to grow corn, but it remains an incidental crop for another 1,000 years.
About 250 Along the river valley of the Plains, people settle into villages.

221-206 B.C.E. The Qin Dynasty is created in China.

About 220 B.C.E. China established a distinct form of government- the Imperial dynastic system.

206 B.C.E.- 220 AD The Han Dynasty of China is created.

About 100 The Adena culture of the Ohio Valley gives way to the Hopewell culture. Hopewell peoples continue Adena mound-building practices.
30 B.C.E. - 14 A.D. Emperor Augustus of Rome introduces the world to land and sales tax.
About C.E. 1 Peoples of western Alaska acquire first iron tools through trade with Asia - People of San Francisco Bay area use bone whistles and wear bone pendants. They battle with enemies and bury shells, coyote teeth, and bear claws with the dead.

A.D.
By 100 Across the Southwest, people from many different background evolve into a loosely related cultural group known today as the Basket Makers because of their fine baskets.
About 250 Influenced by their Hohokam neighbors, hunter gathers in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona settle into communities and create the Mogollon culture.

220-581 A.D. The Three Kingdoms of China is created.

After 400 The Hopewell culture declines in the Northeast but continues to flourish in the Southeast. About A.D. 450 - The early Anasazi domesticate turkeys - In lower Mississippi Valley people modify mound-building practices. No longer used for burials, the new mounds are conical or flat-topped.
456 Julian calendar takes effect in Rome, following recommendations made to Julius Caesar by the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria.
About 500 Southeastern Great Basin, hunter-gathers from the Fremont culture live in pit houses and above ground homes made of stone and adobe.
About 550 The Hohokam people of southern Arizona expand from the river valleys into the desert.
536 the “Marriage Rite” is now considered a sacrament.

581-618 The Sui Dynasty is created in China.
597 England adopts the Julian calendar until 1752 when it is replaced by the Gregorian system.
After 600 The peoples of the Great Basin begin hunting with bows and arrows. The new weapons allow them to hunt much more efficiently.

618-907  The Tang Dynasty is created in China.
About 700 The Anasazi begin moving from pit houses into aboveground homes of stone, mud, and brush. - Villages along the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, and lower Ohio Rivers have a uniform layout. Around a central plaza, temples and residences of the socially elite are built on top of platform-shaped mounds. Less elaborate homes surround the platforms.
749 Vikings first known attack in England.
Around 798 The Three Fires Confederacy was formed with the Great Lakes Indians.
After 800 An enterprising tinkerer develops a new, cold-hard cultivar of corn, and Indians of the Northeast begin cultivating it as a major crop.
886 When a man was murdered, the Vikings demanded that a wergeld (monetary reparation) was to be paid to the family or kinsmen of the victim.
About 900 Anasazi population expands, causing a building boom. Largest collection of communities goes up in Chaco Canyon, with eight towns clustered together in the canyon and four more on the nearby mesas - Farmers from the Northeast migrate into the Great Plains and settle in villages overlooking stream valley from the Dakotas all the way to Texas.

960-1279 The Song Dynasty is created in China.
About 1000 Northwest Coast, complex societies produce elaborate artwork that is connected to the custom of ranking themselves according to inherited status - People across the northern woodlands live in villages and farm corn and other crop - The people who call themselves Seven Fireplaces and eventually become known as Sioux move into Minnesota and Wisconsin from the Southeast and settle there.
About 1000 Viking explorer Leif Ericson leads first expedition to North America.
About 1050 Cahokia, Illinois, mound builders construct about one hundred small mounds and create the largest mound in North America. The terraced earthwork rises 110 feet, covers sixteen acres, and contains more than 21 million cubic feet of earth. The community surrounding the master temple cover five square miles and houses and estimated 40,000 people.
About 1150 The climate of Colorado Plateau grows cooler and drier. The growing season shortens and farming becomes more difficult. The pattern continues throughout the 1200s.
By 1200 Ancestors of Apaches and Navajos migrate southward from western Canada.
About 1200 Ponca and Omaha peoples migrate westward from eastern woodlands into the Great Plains and settle in Nebraska.

1206-1368 The Yuan Dynasty is created in China.
About 1230 Building activity peaks at Mesa Verde. About 7,000 people live in 1,000 cliff houses - Anasazi begin to abandon their stone homes.
About 1250 Mississippian community at Cahokia, Illinois, declines. Beside the Black Warrior River in Alabama, another major mound-building town emerges, with about 20 platform mounds and 2,000 inhabitants. Other similar communities develop at same time in Georgia and eastern Oklahoma.
About 1275 Colonist from Mississippi area settle in southern Missouri and set up a temple town and fortified communities.
1276 Severe drought destroys crops in Colorado Plateau and contributes to growing exodus of Anasazi from their stone villages. Drought lasts until 1299.
Before 1300 Mandans arrive in the Missouri River Valley of the Dakotas from their homeland in Minnesota and Iowa.
About 1300 Speakers of Numic languages (Mono, Paiutes, Panamints, Shoshone, Kawaiisu, and Utes) Migrate out of southeastern California and spread northward and east across Great Basin. - Iroquoian peoples live in longhouses in clans traced through their mothers.
About 1325 Mississippian colonist in Missouri abandon the colony.
About 1350 Keresan-speaking Pueblo people arrive in Rio Grande region.

1368-1644 The Ming Dynasty is created in China.
Before 1400 Anasazi completely abandon Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, and other sites around Southwest. Many Anasazi are thought to have moved to Hopi and Zuni territory to the Rio Grande and its tributaries in New Mexico, where they became known as Pueblo Indians. Apaches say the Anasazi left the earth and moved to the Big Dipper. Navajo say Anasazi learned secret of life and were destroyed.
About 1400 Wiyot, Yurok, Karok, Hupa, and Tolowa peoples of northern coast of California live in plank houses - Farmers from southwestern Minnesota and northwester Iowa move to Dakotas and develop a culture known as Middle Missouri.

Around 1421 Chinese explorers are thought to have visited our west coast and made many possible inland trips.
About 1450 Hiawatha, an Onondaga chief, strengthens the League of Five Iroquois Nations, which unites the Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk Tribes. 1492 Before Columbus and estimated 2-8 million people inhabit what will eventually become the U.S. - Approximately 40 million bison roam the open spaces of the continent.
cir. 1497-1600 Explorers and fishermen contact North America spreading epidemics and diseases among woodland tribes.
cir. 1500 Residents of mound-building communities in Illinois, Georgia, and eastern Oklahoma abandon their homes and resettle in scattered small villages 1500s Pushed out by larger tribes from north and east, the Tsitsista (Cheyenne) move slowly south from Minnesota.
About 1500 Mandans of Dakotas reach height of cultural powers. About 1513 Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon begins his search for the fountain of youth in what is today Florida.
1521 After too many brutal encounters with Europeans, Florida Indians attack their former friend, Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon, dies.
1522 Chicora, a Carolina or Yamassee Indian, is kidnapped by Spanish and take next year to Spain.
1524 Indians along Atlantic coast observe arrival of an outsider, Giovanni da Verrazano, and Italian sailing for the King of France.
1528 Tribes across Texas and southern New Mexico encounter their first non-Indians in the form of four shipwreck survivors.
1531 Sever earthquake hits Lisbon, destroying 1,500 houses and killing an estimated 30,000 people.
1532 Explorers begin conquest of Incas - the only highly civilized society to function without the use of money.
1534 Iroquois Indians meet their first non-Indian, French explorer Jacques Cartier 1535 Jacques Cartier expedition to St. Lawrence.
1539 Unhappy at being bullied, Zuni execute Estevanico, a black traveling with a party of Spanish explorers.
1540-42 Native People of Southeast meet Europeans for first time as Hernando de Soto travels from Florida to Mississippi and to Arkansas and Oklahoma - Native of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Kansa meet large numbers of non-Indians for the first time as Francisco Vazquez de Coronado and 300 Spanish men and women search for the gabled Seven Cities of Gold.
1541 Death of Queen Margaret Tudor of Scotland, Daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland.
1542 Indian people along California coast and Oregon encounter first non-Indian in form of explorer Juan Cabrillo.
1550 Ozette on Pacific coast of Washington, a mud slide seals a Makah village intact.
cir. 1559-1570 Beginning of the "known" league of Iroquois.
1560 King Outina, ruler of 40 Indian villages in Florida, allies with French.
1565 Spain establishes the first permanent settlement at St. Augustine, Florida.
1577 English mariner Francis Drake sets sail from Plymouth, in the Golden Hind, on his circumnavigation of the globe.
1579 Sir Francis Drake rounds Cape Horn and sails up the Pacific coast.
1582 Oct. 4 Last day of the Julian Calendar in Italy and Catholic Europe.
1584 John White at Roanoke Island.
1585 Indians of Virginia welcome Sir Richard Grenville - Indians of North Carolina watch uneasily as the English try to establish a permanent colony on Roanoke Island.
1599 Acoma Pueblo are defeated by Spanish.
1600 17th Century Jesuit influence upon Indians - Five Algonquian tribes band together in Virginia to form what becomes known as Powhatan Confederacy.
1603 March 24 Queen Elizabeth dies. James accedes to English throne. Outbreak of plague in England.
1603-1604 Champlain’s first expeditions.
1604 Spanish envoys sign peace with England in Somerset House, England Work begins on the “new” translation of the Bible to be called “The King James Bible”.
1607 120 colonists leave for Virginia from England (Pilgrims) Non-white outsiders are about to establish first permanent British colony - British expedition to Jamestown, contact with Powhatan confederacy Thames river in London freezes over.
1608 Pocahontas, teenage daughter of Algonquian leader Wa-hun-sen-a-cawh, saves life of Jamestown colonial leader John Smith -French colonization Quebec - Champlain at Quebec.
1609 Native people living along Hudson River and New York Bay encounter Henry Hudson, who introduces firearms and alcohol Henry Hudson up the Hudson River, contact with Mohicans - Champlain discovers Lake Champlain.
1610 Pueblo Indians continue to work as servants for Spanish.
1611 King James Bible publishes.
1611 Religious zealots in colonial America demands church be mandatory. Working, traveling, or kissing on the Sabbath can earn you a fine or an afternoon in the stocks.
1612 Bavarian Astronomer Simon Mayr becomes first man to witness the Andrameda Galaxy through a telescope.
1613 Algonquian Pocahontas is kidnapped by Virginia colonial leader Samuel Argall - Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe.
1613-17 European diseases, including smallpox and measles, ravage the Timucua people of Georgia and Florida.
1614 Indians of New York find their lives changing as Dutch traders and colonist move in.
1615 Oct First missionaries in New France.
1615-20 Five-year epidemic of smallpox, plague, and other diseases from Europe kill 75-90 % of the Massachusetts, Wampanoag, and Pawtucket peoples.
1616 Oneida Indians in NY attacked by French - Pocahontas travels to England.
1617 Pocahontas dies of smallpox in England.
1603-1635 Champlain’s voyages; early contact with Canadian tribes.

1619-1911 The Qing Dynasty is created in China.

1619 House of Burgesses, first representative legislative body in colonial America at Jamestown… Capitol of Virginia at that time.
1620 First English colonist at Plymouth, Massasoit, friendly Wampanoag Chief assists Pilgrim settlers.
1621 Dutch at Albany, New York - Italian scientist Galileo Galilei 57, perfects his telescope.
1622 Opechancanough’s first uprising against the settlers in Virginia.
1623 French fort built at Quebec.
1625 First Jesuit missionaries from France to North America.
1626 Manhattan Indians enter into transaction with Dutch for land.
1627 Company of 100 Associates Formed for Fur Trade and Colonization.
1628 First land grant by Charles I.
1629 English invade Quebec.
1631 Roger Williams contends royal charter for Massachusetts illegally expropriated land rights of the Indians of Massachusetts.
1632 English surrender Quebec back to France.
1633 Champlain, Governor of New France.
1634 Nicolet arrives at the Straits of Mackinac and the fur trade of the Straits formally begins.
1636 Roger Williams rounds colony at Providence and adopts humane policy toward Indians .
1636 Harvard College becomes first institution of higher learning in the colonies.
1637 Pequot War in New England; Roger Williams prevents alliance of New England tribes against New England colonies.
1638 New York "area' called “Terra Incognita” on maps.
1640 First “known” white man in Western New York. - Beaver and otter nearly exterminated in Iroquois country - Nov. 2 Two Jesuit Fathers travel to Niagara River.
1642 Iroquois “beaver war” eliminates Hurons as rivals .
1643 Roger Williams publishes a key to the language of American Natives.
1644 Opechancanough’s second uprising in Virginia.
1648 Iroquois on St. Lawrence, moving towards war.
1649 Iroquois battle Huron.
1649 First religious toleration act in America grants freedom of worship to both Protestants and Catholics in Maryland.
1650 Lauson, Governor of New France. - Edinburgh Castle surrenders to Cromwell after a three-month siege.
1658 Arguson, Governor at Quebec.
1663 100 Associates end rights in New France, West Indian Company Established. - Feb. 5 Tremendous earthquake in Western New York and Canada.
1665 Tracy, Governor West India Co.
1666 Iroquois invade into the Great Lakes, battle of Iroquois Point, Michigan.
1670 Father Marquette builds a mission site for the Huron tribes at Mackinac Island.
1671 Marquette establishes a mission site at St. Ignace. - Indian Council at Falls of St. Mary claiming land. - New France Count Frontenac, Governor of New France.
1678 LaSalle in Canada-New York.
1679 LaSalle builds the Griffin on Niagara River. - LaSalle trading house at Mackinac. - LaSalle descends Mississippi to Gulf.
1680 LaSalle walks overland route to Frontenac (Lake Ontario).
1681 First globe created in Venice including the maps of the Great Lakes from LaSalle. (Globe currently on display in the Archaeological Museum, Venice, Italy).
1682 William Penn’s treaty with the Delaware’s, Susquehanna’s, and other tribes, the beginning of a long period of friendly relations with the Indians under Quaker leadership; the presentation "Penn”wampum belts by the Indians.
1683 French Marines, lead by Barre crosses Lake Ontario English attack on French fort at Sorrel.
1686 English on Lake Erie.
1687 French prepare for invasion of Seneca country. - LaSalle second trip to Gulf on Mississippi.
1689 Count Frontenac arrives at Quebec.
1690 Fort DuBaude is established at St. Ignace. - Colonist at Quebec.
1690 Treasury bills were the first paper money issued in American by the Massachusetts Bay Company to fund a war with the French.
1691 Siege of Montreal by British.
1691-98 English, French and Indian Wars.
1692 Salem witchcraft trials.
1696 Frontenac invades Oswego (Fort Oswego, Lake Ontario).
1701 Cadillac founds Detroit for New France.
1702 Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, becomes royal governor of New York.
1702-1713 English, Queen Ann’s War.
1711-1712 Tuscarora War on southern frontier.
About 1722 remnants of Tuscarora move north to join Iroquois as sixth nation.
1713 April Treaty of Urecht- Nova Scotia.
1715 French build Fort Michilimackinac.
1717 French fort erected at south end of Green Bay, Wisconsin.
1718 Post at Chequamengon Bay was re-established on Madeline Island as Fort La Pointe, Wisconsin.
1719 Fort Ouiatenon was started on the Ohio just below modern day Lafayette, Indiana.
1726 Fort Oswego built by English (Lake Ontario).
1728 William Byrd surveys boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina.
1733 Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack first published.
1743 Mohawk Indian leader Joseph Brant is born.
1744-1748 British go to war against Spain and France, King George’s War.
1748 Treaty of Aiz-la-Chapelle.
1749 Celeron de Blainville asserts French claim to Ohio country.
1751 Fort at St. Mary's River (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan) built.
1752 July 30 Marquis Dupuesne arrives in Quebec as Governor of New France. -October Duquesne and intendant Bigot complete plans for Ohio River exploration. -Nov 14 Canadian militia levied for expedition.
1753 Feb 1 Advance detachment commanded by Charles Deschamps de Boisheber leaves Montreal. - cir. March 15 Boishebert (French) reaches Fort Niagara (in retaliation against English). - March 23 Duquesne orders landing at Presque Isle. - April 15 Boishebert explores Lake Erie shore to Presque Isle. - May 15 Engineer Marin (French) supervises building of fort Presque Isle. - c. June 20 Marin selects site of Fort Le Boeuf. - July 12 Marin starts to build Fort Le Boeuf. - Oct 29 Marin dies; Repentigyny temporarily in command. - Dec. 5 George Washington at Venango. - Dec 11-16 George Washington at Fort Le Boeuf. - Dec 25 Duquesne recalls St. Pierre and assigns Contrecoeur to command on the Ohio.
1754 Albany Conference to organize Canadian governor's completion of Fort Duquesne Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1754-1760 French and Indian War (Seven Years War). - April 16 Contrecoeur summons English to surrender their Fort at the Forks of the Ohio (Pittsburgh). - May 23 British Officer, George Washington leading the Virginia force Skirmishes with French party, killing or capturing all but one. - June 15 Enclosure of Fort Duquesne completed. - June 28 Coulon de Villiers sets out on campaign against Washington. - July 4 Washington surrenders Fort Necessity.
1755 General Braddock arrives in North America British leadership begins to falter - June 28 Rigauville and 120 Hurons set out from Fort Duquesne (Fort Ticonderoga) to harass the English army. - July 9 Battle of Monongahela. Dumas wins the victory over Braddock.
1756 Edmond Atkin appointed Indian Superintendent. - Quakers lost political control in Pennsylvania.
1756-1757 Delaware War envelops Pennsylvania frontier.
1757 Surrender of Fort William Henry and massacre of prisoners by Indian allies of Montcalm.
1758 July 30 The Marquis Duquesne arrives in Quebec as Governor of New France. - October Duquesne and the intend ant Bigot complete plans for expedition to the Belle Rivier (Ohio River) - Nov 14 Canadian militia levied for expedition French capture British fort Oswego (Lake Ontario). British siege fort at Louisburg, Quebec July British and French battles at Lake George - Ticonderoga and Crown Point - July 22 Gen. Amherst attack Ticonderoga - July 23 French withdraw to Crown Point - July 25 Fort at Louisburg falls - July 26 Fort Ticonderoga besieged - July 27 Surrender of Fort Ticonderoga. - August 4 English at Crown Point abandoned. - Oct. 10 Gen. Amherst on Lake Ontario.
1758-1759 Gen. Amherst becomes commander of all North American British troops.
1759-1760 Cherokee War on the Carolina frontier.
1759 British headquarter located in New York. - Feb. English sail toward Quebec May Forces move at Schenectady. - May 20 Forces move up Mohawk River. - July 1 British embark on Lake Ontario at Osweg. - July 2 Stopped at Sodus Bay. - July 3 Stopped at Irondequoit - July 8 British entrench at Fort Niagara. - July 11 French approach British at Fort Niagara.  July 23 Sir William Johnson backs British troops at Niagara with Native Warriors. - July 24 French surrender of Fort Niagara. - July 29 English siege at Quebec under Wolfe. - Sept 18 French surrender Quebec.
1758-1760 French army at Montreal.
1760 April Levi retakes Quebec. - April 27 French Fail. - Sept 6 Amherst to Quebec. - Sept 8 Montreal surrendered. - Nov 29 Rogers Rangers with about 275 troops land in Detroit.
1761 British take control of Michilimackinac. -Proclamation prohibiting settlement on Appalachian frontier by Colonel Henry Bouquet.
1761-1762 Seneca’s plan major attack on British along while western frontier under leadership of Kaiaghshota.
July 2, 1762 Spain joined France against Britain.
January 2, 1762 Spanish war declared against Britain.
1763 Delaware Prophet, sometimes called Neolin, preaches message of the Master of Life. - Feb. 10 Treaty of Paris ends colonial phase of Seven Years’ War. - April 3 William Johnson’s Articles of Peace. Colonel Henry Bouquet urges convening of large congress with northern tribes to discuss Indian grievances; Sir Jeffery Amherst declines to hold conference - May-June Sir Jeffery Amherst begins policy of “oeconomy” by curtailing Indian presents and setting up new trade regulations at frontier posts - May-June Pontiac sends war belts to urge attack on frontier post May Pontiac’s surprise attack on Detroit betrayed June Pontiac’s war of independence beings; capture of seven frontier Forts and siege of Fort Pitts and Fort Detroit Amherst uses smallpox infested blankets to spread disease to Indians Amherst urges use of English dogs to hunt Indians - Oct. 7 Royal proclamation of 1763 establishes Indian sanctuary and restricts westward movement of colonists - Nov. Distribution of Gifts to southern Indians at congress of Augusta, Georgia by Southern Superintendent John Stuart Dec. Paxton Riots on Pennsylvania frontier, massacre of Conestoga mission Indians in retaliation of Pontiac’s War. - Ojibwa, Sac, and Fox Indians capture Fort Michilimackinac during Pontiac’s Rebellion (Beaver War).
1764 Sir William Johnson dies. - British reorganize Indian administration and plan for extension of Frontier Indian boundary lines according to the Plan of 1764 Illinois French, along the Mississippi, finally receive official word from France it is illegal to declare war against the British of North America. - For the Illinois French to do so, was a violation of the terms of the capitulation of September 8, 1760, a point of honor in eighteenth century warfare British return to Fort Michilimackinac.
1765 British Parliament passes the Stamp Act, taxing newspapers, legal documents and other printed materials.
1766 Pontiac meets with British and promises to recall war belts.
1768 Fort Stanwix Treaty results in extension of a northern Indian boundary line to meet southern Indian boundary line.
1769 Assassination of Pontiac in Illinois country.
1770 British soldiers in Boston fired into a crowd of colonists, killing three and wounding 8… known as the Boston Massacre, used to rally Americans against British policies.
1773 Completion of extension of the southern Indian boundary line. - Protesting British importation of duty - free tea, colonist dressed as Indians stage the Boston Tea Party dumping 342 chests of tea into the water.
1774 First Continental Congress, a convention of delegates from all the American colonies (except Georgia), meets in Philadelphia to address the British injustices. These injustices include what became known as the Intolerable Acts. The Congress adopts a Declaration of Rights, establishing the colonial position on taxation and trade. Britain takes it as a joke.
1775-1783 American Revolution 1776 The United States of America becomes a new nation when the Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence, written by Jefferson. Britain offers a reward to learn names of the signers, asserting that the act constitutes high treason punishable by death.
1776 Ben Franklin arranges for the harsh imprisonment of his only son, William for being a Tory.
1775-1779 Border Wars.
1776 Col. Rochester of NY assists in framing Constitution of North Carolina. - British defeat American fleet under leadership of Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain.
1776 First organized attempt by the U.S. government to issue money came during the American Revolution. This, too, ended in a disaster and the phrase, "not worth a continental" was born.
1777 American forces defeat British at Saratoga, New York, turning the war and convincing France to form a military alliance with America. - Washington launches an attack against the British at the Battle of Princeton.
1778 Sept Treaty at Fort Stanwix Franklin and Adams in Paris and develop an intense dislike for one another.
1779 March 22 Gen. George Washington orders Col Brodhead’s Campaign against Detroit Benedict Arnold turns traitor and sides with the British. - August 11 Expedition against Indians at head of Allegany River, French Creek and in Ohio George Washington plans to capture Fort Niagara.
1779-1781 Fort Michilimackinac and old village settlement abandoned and garrison moves to Mackinac Island.
1780 Robert Campbell builds Mill Creek sawmill Mackinac 1780s Fort Michilimackinac is burned under orders of Governor Sinclair.
1781 State of N.Y. ceded to U.S. British forces defeated at Yorktown, Virginia in last major battle of Revolutionary War.
1783 American Revolution ends-Treaty of Paris Founding Fathers write the Constitution establishing system of government. Our constitution is so simple and practical that it is possible to meet extraordinary needs by changes in emphasis and arrangement without loss of essential form… Franklin D. Roosevelt states in his inauguration. “That is why our constitutional system has proved itself the most superbly enduring political mechanism the modern world has produced.” - Treaty of Peace with Great Britain Treaty of Peace with Native American Indian lands of N.Y. purchased.
1784 Act to create superintendent’s post for Native American affairs American’s seek council of Iroquois Treaty at Fort Stanwix.
1785 Massachusetts ceded to U.S. Council at Fort Herkimer Congress attempts treaties with Indians.
1786 Shay’s Rebellion.
1787 Delaware ratifies the constitution becoming the first state of the newly formed United States of America. - Lease of lands of the Six Nations of Iroquois.
1788 Treaty of Fort Schuyler (N.Y.) concluded Council of the Iroquois at Fort Schuyler. - Holland land purchase of N.Y.
1788 Britain starts sending their criminals to Australia for exile over 160,000 convicts and undesirables are transported over the next 80 years.
1789-1797 Electoral College chooses George Washington to serve as the first president of the United States. Washington and his wife move into the first presidential home at No. 1 Cherry Street in New York City, the nation’s capital. - John Adams becomes first vice president. “I am vice president,” he says. “In this I am nothing.” - Land titles in N.Y. and Massachusetts given out. - Contracted road from Fort Stanwix (Rome) to Seneca Lake, N.Y. - First families occupy Holland land purchase tracts, N.Y.
1792 Bill of Rights added to Constitution, guaranteeing freedom of speech, religion, press and rights to trial by jury and peaceful assembly.
1793 Eli Whitney invents cotton gin.
1794 President Washington send federal troops to quash Whiskey Rebellion, a violent protest by whiskey producers in Pennsylvania against the feral tax on their product.
1796 Fort Mackinac turned over to American troops. - John Adam and Thomas Jefferson clash in first presidential campaign and in the second four years later.
1798 Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont spits in the face of Connecticut’s Roger Griswold, the first recorded congressional brawl. - Niagara Road surveyed.

1797-1801 John Adams President of United States

1800 Washington, D.C. carved out of Maryland and Virginia, becomes national’s capital. - First Lady Abigail Adams describes the mostly undeveloped federal city as romantic but wild.

1801-1809 Thomas Jefferson President of the United States

1801 John Marshall appointed chief justice of the US Supreme Court by President John Adams. Marshall raises Supreme Court to a level of importance equal to that of the executive and judicial branches of government.
1803 Louisiana Purchase from France doubles the size of the US, extending its western border to Rocky Mountains. Part or all of the fifteen states are later formed from the vast acquisition. In making the deal with Napoleon of France, President Jefferson later admits he “stretched the Constitution until it cracked.”
1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark embark upon their epic track across the continent to explore the lands recently acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and beyond to the Pacific Ocean. - Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Britain’s Admiral Horatio Nelson is mortally wounded as the Royal Navy defeats the Franco-Spanish fleet.
1807 Robert Fulton’s steamboat the Clermont becomes the first financially successful steamboat traveling up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany in about 30 hours.
1806 Andrew Jackson kills Charles Dickinson in a duel.

1809-1817 James Madison President of United States

1809 Meriwether Lewis kills himself in Tennessee. - Abraham Lincoln was born. - Author Edgar Allen Poe is born.
1811Construction begins on what becomes known as the National Road linking the east with the Midwest. - Birth of Hungarian composer Frantz Listz.
1812 War of 1812 begins after years of British interference with American shipping and other degradations. British capture Fort Mackinac during War of 1812 - Oct. American’s capture British vessels at Fort Erie.
1813 Crossing of the Niagara and bloody conflict of the War of 1812. - Dec. 12 Fort George evacuated (N.Y.) - Dec. 18 Fort Niagara Falls to British. - Dec. 29 Conquest of Black Rock and Buffalo.
1814 British forces capture nation’s capital, burning the President’s house, the U.S. Capitol, and other government buildings. “Few thought of going to bed,” a Washington resident later writes of the destruction. “They spent the night in gazing on the fires and lamenting the disgrace of the city.” The British are subsequently repelled after attacking Baltimore… American soldiers defeated while attacking Fort Mackinac. - July 2 British capture Fort Erie.
1815 Treaty of Ghent-British returns Fort Mackinac to American forces end of the War of 1812.
1816 June 6-12 Frost every night in N.Y. Cold summer scarcity of food for all - France decrees that the Bonaparte family shall be excluded from the country forever.

1817-1825 James Monroe President of the United States

1817 April 15 Law authorizing the building of the Erie Canal-Gov. - Dewitt Clinton July 4 broke ground for Erie Canal at Rome, N.Y.
1818 Illinois becomes a state. 1819 Spain cedes Florida to the United States after 300 years of domination. - Mid-section of Erie Canal completed.
1820 The Missouri Compromise is reached. Missouri is admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, thus maintaining the balance of slave and free states in the US senate. The compromise also bans slavery from the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri, except in Missouri itself.
1822 Dr. Beaumont (Mackinac Island) experiments on Alexis St. Martin. - First shipment of flour shipped on Erie Canal (mid-section) from Rochester to Little Falls, N.Y. - Seneca Indian Chief Cornplanter addresses Governor of Pa. N.Y. - State road completed in Allegany.
1823 Oct. 7 Aqueduct built in Rochester. - N.Y. completed Eastern section of Erie Canal and completed Aqueduct of Erie Canal at Rochester.
1824 Erie Canal completed to Lockport.
1825 September, Announce date for opening of Erie Canal. - Oct. Filling of the Erie level of canal commences. - Oct. 25 Entire Erie Canal was filled with water.

1825-1829 John Quincy Adams President of the United States

1829-1837 Andrew Jackson President of the United States

1830 President Andrew Jackson signs Indian Removal Act, requiring eastern Indians to be resettled west of the Mississippi River.
1831 Nat Turner, a black preacher in Virginia, leads slave revolt.
1832 England relax punishment for forging money in Britain. Now, instead of the death penalty the forger was exiled to Australia.
1836 three thousand Mexican troops under Santa Anna storm the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas.

1837-1841 Van Buren President of the United States

1837 Michigan becomes a state.
1839 George Armstrong Custer is born.

1841-1845 Taylor President of the United States

1844 On a test line of his telegraph between Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Samuel F.B. Morse taps out his first message to connect the two cities.

1845-1849 Polk President of the United States

1845 Republic of Texas become nation’s 28th state.
1846 President Polk, Congress declares war on Mexico. - Britain cedes southern portion of Oregon Territory below Vancouver to the US. - Mormon,Joseph Smith is killed by mob, Brigham Young leads mass exodus of Mormons from Illinois to Utah.
1847 Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, was born.
1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organize first US woman’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. The convention adopts a Declaration of Sentiments that calls for women to receive “all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the U.S.”
1848 James Marshall discovers gold at Sutter’s Mill in California.
1849 English-born Elizabeth Blackwell graduates from New York medical school as the first female doctor in the United States.

1850-1853 Fillmore President of the United States
1850 Compromise of 1850 temporarily simmers the growing strife overcomes slavery by admitting California to the Union as a free state, and allowing the territories of New Mexico and Utah to decide the issue for themselves. The compromise also abolishes the slaver trade in the District of Columbia while providing a stricter federal law for the return of runaway slaves.
1851 John James Audubon American ornithologist, renown for painting birds, dies.
1851 Isaac Singer creates the first sewing machine.
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” becomes a best seller.

1853-1857 Franklin Pierce President of the United States
1854 Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act allowing people of two territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. - Republican Party is formed in Ripon, Wisconsin by antislavery groups opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
1854 London Cholera Epidemic.

1857-1861 Buchanan President of the United States
1857 Elisha G. Otis installs first passenger elevator in New York City.
1859 First commercially drilled oil well is drilled near Titusville, Pennsylvania.
1860 Pony Express begins delivering mail from St Louis, Missouri, then the western terminus of the American Railroad system, to Sacramento, California.

1861-1865 Abraham Lincoln President of the United States

1861-1865 American Civil War.
1861 Ten Southern states follow South Carolina out of the Union and form the Confederate States of America. - The Civil War begins on April 12, 1862. - The Homestead Act grants free/cheap public land to frontier settlers. - Nations first general income tax is levied to help pay for the Civil War It ends in 1872 but becomes a permanent fixture in American life.
1863 Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation calling it “a fit and necessary war measure.” - Gettysburg. In the greatest battle ever fought on American soil, Union forces defeat invading Confederates. The decisive victory, occurring simultaneously with the Confederate surrender at Vicksburg, marks the turning point in the Civil War. U.S. Capitol dome is completed and capped with the Statue of Freedom 1865 General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate Army, surrenders to Union Commander Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia on April 9. President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated in Washington D.C. by Southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth 13 Amendment to the Constitution outlaws slavery throughout the U.S. It is followed by 1868 - 14 Amendment confirming citizenship of blacks. 15 Amendment in 1870 which makes it illegal to deny voting rights based on race.

1865-1869 Andrew Johnson President of the United States

1866 Transatlantic cable is completed. - KuKlux Klan is formed to terrorize liberated blacks and foreign born citizens in the south.
1867 William H. Seward, Secretary of State negotiates purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7,200,000 (.02 cents per acre). - Sholes/Glidden/Soule create the first typewriter.

1869-1877 U.S. Grant President of the United States

1869 A golden spike is driven into a railroad rail at Promontory Point, Utah, marking the completion of the world’s first transcontinental railroad.
1871 Great Chicago Fire kills 250. - Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, receives the a patent for the improvement of suspenders.
1872 Great Fire of Chicago. - Susan B.Anthony illegally votes in the presidential election in Rochester, NY and is arrested and fined. - Yellowstone, U.S. first national park is established.
1875 Congress passes Civil Rights Act, giving blacks equal rights in public accommodations and access to jury duty. The U.S. Supreme Court declares the law unconstitutional in 1883.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell transmits human speech for the first time while developing the telephone. - General George A. Custer and 264 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry die at the Little Bighorn River during the war with the Sioux Indians.

1877-1881 R.B. Hayes President of the United States

1877 First commercial telephone line is installed in Massachusetts.
1878 A woman suffrage amendment is first introduced in Congress. It fails to pass but is reintroduced in every session of Congress for the next 40 years.
1879 Thomas Edison produces the first practical light bulb. California Electric Light Co. begins operating the world’s first central power plant selling electricity to private customers. - F.W. Woolworth opens the first “five-cent” store in Utica, N.Y.
1880 New York streets are lit by electricity.

1881-1881 Garfield President of the United States

1881-1885 Arthur President of the United States

1881 Clara Barton organizes the Red Cross. - President James A. Garfield is assassinated in Washington by Charles Julius Guilteau.
1882 Franklin D. Roosevelt is born and serves as US president from 1933-45.
1883 Brooklyn Bridge completed and hailed as the “Eight Wonder of the World.” - William Frederick “Buffalo Bill” Cody organizes his Wild West Show.
1884 Construction begins in Chicago on the Home Insurance Building, the world’s first skyscraper.

1885-1889 Cleveland is President of the United States
1885 Sir Henry Bessemer patents the process named after him that leads to the mass production of steel.
1886 Statue of Liberty, a gift from the people of France, is dedicated in New York Harbor and become the first view of America for many in the growing “nation of immigrants.”
1888 George Eastman perfects the “Kodak” box camera, the first designed for mass production and amateur use.

1889-1893 B. Harrison President of the United States

1889 Herman Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machine is the first successful computer, and is used to tabulate the results of the 1890 census.
1890 Battle of Wounded Knee in South Dakota, which begins after federal government, bans Sioux’s Ghost Dance. - Electric Chair is used for the first time in the execution of convicted murderer William Kemmler, New York. - Frontier is officially declared closed. Census bureau announces that so many people have filled in pockets throughout the West that it is no longer meaningful to talk about a “frontier line.”
1891 James Naismith invents basketball.
1892 Old Point Mackinac Lighthouse built.

1893-1897 Cleveland re-elected President of the United States
1893 Henry Ford builds his first successful gasoline engine.
1894 Thomas Edison markets the kinetoscope, an early form of movie in which a viewer peers through a magnifying lens as moving images illuminated by an electric light.
1895 Charles and Franklin Duryea establish first American company for manufacturing gasoline-powered automobiles. - First professional football game is played in Latrobe, Pennsylvania.

1897-1901 McKinley President of the United States
1897 First American subway opens in Boston with 1.5 miles of track.

1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt President of the United States
1901 President William McKinley is assassinated in Buffalo, NY by Leon Czolgosz.
1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright design and build first successful airplane. - First World Series is held, Boston defeats Pittsburgh.
1906 San Francisco earth quakes one of the worst disasters in American history.

1909-1913 Taft President of the United States

1912 Titanic sinks.

1912 The Republic of China is created.

1913-1921  Wilson President of the United States

1913 Ford Company engineers develop the assembly line.
1914 Panama Canal opens.
1917 WWI
1918 Influenza epidemic sweeps world killing 20 million people.
1920 Women are given the right to vote under the 19th Amendment.
1920 Prohibition begins following ratification of the 18th Amendment.

1921-1923 Harding President of the United States

1923-1929 Coolidge President of the United States
1926 First liquid-propelled rocket is launched using technology developed by aerospace pioneer Robert Goddard.
1927 Charles Lindbergh becomes first aviator to make solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean Television makes a debut.

1929-1933 Hoover President of the United States
1929 Stock Market Crash and plunges nation into the Great Depression. - Martin Luther King is born.
1929 Robert Byrd becomes first person to fly over South Pole. - Gangland violence in Chicago reaches its peak during Prohibition with St. Valentine’s Day Massacre.
1930 U.S. Astronomers announce discovery of Pluto, the ninth planet in the solar system.

1933-1945 F. D. Roosevelt President of the United States
1933 Nation suffers through Great Depression. - F. D. Roosevelt launches massive recovery program known as the New Deal. - Prohibition is repealed with 21st Amendment.
1941 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor.
1942 President Roosevelt signs Executive Order allowing military to move 112,000 Japanese Americans from their homes on West Coast to inland concentration camps.
1944 Allied forces invade Normandy, France. 1945 Germany surrenders on May 7th. 1947 Captain Charles Yeager, flying the Bell X-1, exceeds speed of sound. 1948 Marshall plan, US delivers billions of dollars to aid to war-ravaged Europe.

1945-1953 Truman President of the United States
1950 Korean War begins.

1953-1961 Eisenhower President of the United States
1954 Commissioning of the atomic submarine U.S.S. Nautilus marks world’s first full-scale use of controlled nuclear energy.
1955 Dr. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine is approved, beginning the end of a dreaded disease that often left its victims-mostly children-dead or paralyzed for life.
1957 Mackinac Bridge that crosses the straits of Mackinac is built.
1959 Alaska becomes the 49th state in the US.

1961-1963 J. F. Kennedy President of the United States

1963-1969 L.B. Johnson President of the United States

1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech during a civil rights march in Washington. - President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas, by Lee Harvey Oswald??
1964 President Lyndon Johnson signs most comprehensive civil rights act in American history, integrating public accommodations and prohibiting job discrimination - U.S. surgeon General releases first report on health dangers of smoking. - Beatles storm the nation.
1968 Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in April, Memphis, Tennessee.

1969-1974 Richard Nixon President of the United States
1969 Man lands on the moon and returns safely to earth. - Woodstock music festival. - Anglo-French airline Concorde breaks the sound barrier, seven months after inaugural flight.
1973 Last U.S. ground troops leave Vietnam. Saigon falls two years later, officially ending the Vietnam War. - U.S. Supreme Court rules that state laws cannot forbid a woman from having an abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy, and can only regulate abortions during second trimester to protect woman’s health.
1974 Nixon resigns as 37th President.

1974-1977  Gerald Ford President of the United States

1976 Bicentennial of the U.S.

1977-1981 James Carter President of the United States
1979 corporal punishment (spanking your child) is banned in Sweden.

1981-1989 Ronald Reagan President of the United States

1989-1993 George Bush President of the United States

1992 The Vatican admits that Galileo was correct in stating in 1623 that the earth revolved around the sun.

1993-2001 Clinton President of the United States

1993 FDIC was established American's had a banking system that citizens could trust for the first time.

 

Historical information compiled by J.L.Panagopoulos©